History
Eritrea, located in the Horn of Africa, has a long history influenced by ancient African kingdoms, the Ottoman Empire, and Italian colonization. It was an Italian colony from the late 19th century until World War II, after which it was federated with Ethiopia. Following a prolonged 30-year war for independence, Eritrea officially gained its sovereignty from Ethiopia in 1993. The country has since been led by President Isaias Afwerki, under a single-party government.
Geography
Eritrea borders Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and Djibouti to the southeast, with a long coastline along the Red Sea to the east. It includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several other offshore islands. The terrain varies from coastal plains to central highlands and western lowlands, with a hot and arid to semi-arid climate.
Tribes & People
Eritrea is ethnically diverse, with nine recognized ethnic groups, including Tigrinya, Tigre, Saho, Afar, Beja, and others. Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, followed by Arabic and Tigre. The population is roughly half Christian (mainly Orthodox) and half Muslim. Cultural traditions vary across ethnic lines, but national identity is strongly emphasized.
Society
Eritrean society places a high value on community, family, and national unity. While education and healthcare systems are publicly available, access can be limited, especially in rural areas. The country maintains a strong national service system that requires extended military or civil service, which has drawn international criticism for its length and conditions.
Government
Eritrea is a single-party state governed by the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). President Isaias Afwerki has led the country since independence. There are no national elections, and political opposition is banned. The government exercises tight control over political life, media, and civil society.
Economy
The Eritrean economy is largely based on agriculture, mining, and remittances from the diaspora. Key exports include gold, copper, and zinc. The government follows a command economy model, with strict controls on foreign investment and trade. Despite mineral wealth, economic growth is hindered by isolation, sanctions, and limited private sector development.
Energy
Energy production in Eritrea is primarily dependent on fossil fuels, with limited electrification in rural areas. However, the government has invested in solar and wind energy projects to expand access and reduce reliance on imported fuels. Off-grid solutions are increasingly used in remote areas.
Communications
Telecommunications are tightly controlled by the state. Internet penetration is among the lowest in the world, and access is heavily restricted. Mobile phone service is limited and mainly used for voice communication. Independent media is banned, and international news outlets face tight restrictions.
Transportation
Eritrea has a modest road network and one international airport in Asmara. The rail system, originally built during Italian colonization, has been partially restored for tourism purposes. Public transportation consists mainly of minibuses and shared taxis. Ports like Massawa and Assab serve as strategic gateways on the Red Sea.
Transnational Issues
Eritrea has had longstanding border tensions with Ethiopia, culminating in a war from 1998 to 2000. A peace agreement was signed in 2018, restoring diplomatic relations. Eritrea has also been involved in regional conflicts and has been subject to international sanctions due to its military activities and human rights record.
Jokes
Why did the goat move to Asmara?
Because it heard the grass is always greener on the highlands!
Other Interesting Facts
- Eritrea has no official national language, but Tigrinya, Arabic, and English are widely used.
- The capital, Asmara, is known for its well-preserved Italian modernist architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- National service can last indefinitely, a key reason for high rates of emigration among Eritrean youth.