History
Mauritania has a rich history dating back to Berber kingdoms and Islamic empires. It was colonized by France in the late 19th century and gained independence in 1960. Post-independence, the country has faced political instability, coups, and tensions over slavery and ethnic divisions. Democratic reforms have been attempted, though military influence remains strong.
Geography
Located in Northwest Africa, Mauritania is bordered by Western Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Senegal, and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the country lies within the Sahara Desert, featuring vast dunes, rocky plateaus, and sparse vegetation. The Senegal River forms part of its southern boundary and is vital for agriculture.
Tribes & People
Mauritania's population consists of Arab-Berbers (also known as Moors) and sub-Saharan ethnic groups such as the Fulani, Soninke, and Wolof. Hassaniya Arabic is the dominant language, and Islam is the official and overwhelmingly practiced religion. Social divisions persist between "White Moors," "Black Moors" (Haratin), and other African communities.
Society
Traditional customs and Islamic values shape daily life in Mauritania. Despite efforts to abolish slavery, vestiges of the practice persist in some areas. Literacy and education are improving, but poverty, gender inequality, and limited healthcare access remain pressing issues, especially in rural regions.
Government
Mauritania is an Islamic republic with a presidential system. While multiparty elections are held, the military has played a major role in politics, including several coups since independence. Recent leadership transitions have signaled some political opening, though challenges to democratic governance remain.
Economy
The economy is based on agriculture, livestock, fishing, and natural resources such as iron ore, gold, and offshore oil and gas. However, the wealth is unevenly distributed, and many people depend on subsistence farming and herding. Droughts and desertification threaten rural livelihoods.
Energy
Mauritania relies on thermal and hydroelectric power, with growing investment in renewable energy, particularly solar and wind. The country has ambitious goals to become a green hydrogen hub, aiming to export clean energy in the future.
Communications
Mobile coverage is fairly widespread, but internet penetration is still low. Radio remains a primary source of information, especially outside urban areas. Press freedom exists but is constrained by legal restrictions and government pressure.
Transportation
Transportation infrastructure is limited outside major cities. The country is home to one of the world’s longest trains—the iron ore train from Zouérat to Nouadhibou. Roads connect major centers, and Nouakchott International Airport handles most international air traffic.
Transnational Issues
Mauritania faces migration pressures, terrorism threats in the Sahel region, and challenges related to slavery and human trafficking. It also has disputes over fishing rights and is involved in regional security initiatives with neighboring countries.
Jokes
Why don’t camels in Mauritania ever get lost?
Because even in the desert, they always follow the sand-wi-fi!
Other Interesting Facts
- Mauritania was one of the last countries in the world to officially abolish slavery—in 1981—and criminalized it in 2007.
- The Eye of the Sahara (Richat Structure) is a mysterious geological formation visible from space.
- The country’s name comes from the ancient Berber kingdom of Mauretania, though the two are not geographically related.