History
Equatorial Guinea, located on the west coast of Central Africa, was originally inhabited by Bantu-speaking peoples. It was colonized by the Portuguese and later the Spanish in the late 18th century, becoming the only Spanish-speaking country in Africa. It gained independence from Spain in 1968. The country has since been ruled primarily by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who took power in a 1979 coup and remains one of the longest-serving leaders in the world.
Geography
Equatorial Guinea consists of a mainland region (Río Muni) and several islands, the largest of which is Bioko, where the capital city Malabo is located. The country is bordered by Cameroon to the north, Gabon to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The terrain includes coastal plains, hills, and inland forests, and it is rich in biodiversity and oil reserves.
Tribes & People
The main ethnic groups include the Fang (majority), Bubi, Ndowe, and Annobón. Spanish is the official language, but French and Portuguese are also recognized, and several indigenous languages such as Fang and Bubi are spoken. The population is predominantly Christian, with Roman Catholicism being the most common denomination.
Society
Equatorial Guinean society is traditionally structured around clans and extended families. Urbanization is increasing, especially on Bioko Island. Access to education and healthcare has improved, but disparities exist between urban and rural areas. The literacy rate is relatively high compared to many neighboring countries.
Government
Equatorial Guinea is officially a presidential republic, but in practice it is an authoritarian regime. President Obiang holds significant power, and political opposition is limited. The country has a bicameral legislature and a constitution, though elections are often criticized by international observers for lacking transparency and fairness.
Economy
The discovery of oil in the 1990s transformed Equatorial Guinea into one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. While oil revenues have significantly increased GDP, wealth distribution is highly uneven, and much of the population still lives in poverty. The government has initiated diversification efforts, but the economy remains heavily reliant on hydrocarbons.
Energy
Oil and natural gas dominate the energy sector. The country exports LNG and has invested in energy infrastructure such as gas-processing plants. Access to electricity is improving, especially in urban areas, but remains limited in some rural regions. Renewable energy development is still in its early stages.
Communications
Telecommunications infrastructure is developing, with mobile phone usage becoming widespread. Internet access remains limited but is growing. The government maintains tight control over media, and press freedom is restricted. Most media outlets are state-controlled or affiliated with the ruling party.
Transportation
The transportation network includes roads, airports, and seaports, with modern infrastructure projects largely funded by oil revenues. Malabo and Bata are the main urban and commercial hubs. Inter-island travel often relies on air transport, and the country continues to invest in improving connectivity.
Transnational Issues
Equatorial Guinea has experienced maritime boundary disputes, particularly with Cameroon and Gabon. The government has faced international criticism for human rights abuses and corruption. Efforts are ongoing to repatriate stolen public funds held overseas. The country also serves as a transit point for migrants heading toward Europe.
Jokes
Why don’t politicians in Equatorial Guinea play chess?
Because they’re afraid of getting checked too often!
Other Interesting Facts
- Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where Spanish is an official language.
- Bioko Island was once called Fernando Pó and served as a key slave trade outpost.
- The country is investing in luxury developments and hosted the Africa Cup of Nations in 2012 and 2015.